
What’s the best way to discipline your child? Parents have wrestled with this question forever: Should I lay down the law? Should I let my kids figure things out? Should I try to be their friend? It’s easy to feel pulled in different directions.
Today, though, child development research points clearly to one answer: an authoritative discipline style works best. This approach balances warmth and love with clear expectations and structure. Kids raised in authoritative homes consistently do better—not just in childhood, but well into adulthood.
At the Pastoral Solutions Institute, Dr. Greg and Lisa Popcak promote a faith-filled version of this approach called Discipleship Discipline. Rooted in the best of modern psychology and enriched by the wisdom of the Catholic tradition, it blends the insights of St. John Bosco (the 19th-century Italian priest and founder of the Salesians), St. John Paul II’s Theology of the Body, and contemporary parenting science.
You’ll find the full approach in the Popcaks’ books Parenting Your Kids with Grace and Parenting Your Teens and Tweens with Grace, as well as through the CatholicHŌM program. But here, let’s look at the main discipline styles, why authoritative parenting stands out, and how Discipleship Discipline takes it even further.
The Four Basic Discipline Styles
In the 1980s and 90s, psychologist Diana Baumrind identified three main parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. A fourth, neglectful, was later added.
Authoritarian Discipline
Dominant in the early 20th century, authoritarian parenting cast parents as judges and enforcers. Parents were expected to:
- Impose strict rules at the level of adult expectations.
- Avoid explanations (“Because I said so”).
- Punish with unpleasant consequences for breaking rules.
- Withhold affection to avoid “spoiling” children.
This approach often produces fearful, anxious children with lower self-confidence and self-regulation.
Permissive Discipline
In the 1960s and 70s, many parents swung the other way. Permissive parenting emphasized freedom and self-expression. Parents often:
- Set few rules or expectations.
- Negotiate endlessly, rarely enforcing rules.
- Overlook misbehavior or enforce inconsistently.
- Provide warmth without limits, overlooking that real love sometimes requires setting healthy boundaries.
While warm, this approach often leaves children with weak boundaries and poor self-control.
Neglectful Discipline
Neglectful parenting is just what it sounds like: being uninvolved, failing to meet children’s needs, and providing little structure or guidance. Children raised this way often struggle with emotional health, academics, and relationships.
Authoritative Discipline
Authoritative parenting offers the best of both worlds—love and structure. Parents are encouraged to:
- Set clear expectations appropriate for the child’s age.
- Explain rules and listen to their child’s perspective.
- Enforce consistent, fair consequences based on natural or logical outcomes.
- Provide abundant warmth and support, while encouraging independence.
Large-scale, long-term studies (sometimes lasting decades) show that children raised in authoritative homes tend to excel academically, display healthier social skills, develop strong self-regulation, and enjoy better mental health into adulthood.
Why Discipleship Discipline Changes Everything
So what makes the Popcaks’ approach different? The clue is in the word disciple. From the Latin discipulus (“pupil, learner”), a disciple isn’t just a student—they’re a dedicated follower of a way of life.
This hints at one of the main differences between Discipleship Discipline and other discipline styles:
- Permissive discipline tends to view the parent-child relationship in terms of a friendship between equals.
- Authoritarian discipline tends to cast parents as cops and judges enforcing rules and meting out punishments.
- Authoritative discipline, by contrast, casts parents in the role of teacher (or coach) and the child in the role of learner.
In Discipleship Discipline, parents are called not only to teach their children the skills they need to become fully competent, confident adults, but to become all that God calls them to be. Discipleship Parents help their kids develop a way of life as Christian disciples—not just rule-followers, but people who embody the love, integrity, and virtue of Jesus Christ.
Discipleship Parents recognize that God has entrusted them with the responsibility (and therefore authority) to guide their children along this path. This means setting expectations for behavior (boundaries and rules) and, when needed, enforcing those expectations. Discipleship Parents provide their kids with the structure they need to thrive.
But Discipleship Parents also recognize that their God-given authority isn’t limitless or arbitrary: instead, it is exercised for the good of both the child and the parents. Moreover, Discipleship Parents recognize that their authority is most effective when it is based on a warm, loving, trusting relationship—much like the Bible’s image of the Good Shepherd.
This blend of structure, warmth, and faith makes Discipleship Discipline a powerful tool for Catholic families.
Next Steps
In our next article in this three-part series, we’ll look at how parents can nurture the warm-yet-authoritative relationships that make this approach so effective.
In the meantime, you can explore Discipleship Discipline more deeply in books Parenting Your Kids with Grace and Parenting Your Teens and Tweens with Grace by Dr. Greg and Lisa Popcak. And for ongoing support, check out CatholicHŌM, where you’ll find family-friendly resources, pastoral guidance, and a supportive community to help your family thrive in faith and love.








